Wednesday, May 17, 2017

DDJ 63. 轻诺必寡信,多易必多难

第六十三章 

[原文]
为无为,事无事,味无味①。大小多少②。报怨以德③。图难于其易,为大于其细;天下难事,必作于易;天下大事,必作于细。是以圣人终不为大④,故能成其大。夫轻诺必寡信,多易必多难。是以圣人犹难之,故终无难矣。
[译文]
以无为的态度去有所作为,以不滋事的方法去处理事物,以恬淡无味当作有味。大生于小,多起于少。处理问题要从容易的地方入手,实现远大要从细微的地方入手。天下的难事,一定从简易的地方做起;天下的大事,一定从微细的部分开端。因此,有“道”的圣人始终不贪图大贡献,所以才能做成大事。那些轻易发出诺言的,必定很少能够兑现的,把事情看得太容易,势必遭受很多困难。因此,有道的圣人总是看重困难,所以就终于没有困难了。

本章主要说complexity,难易,大小多少。 好大喜功,人之天性,然而黄老不为之。 中间"报怨以德"可能是后来的章散乱。  道德经后来对”和大怨“专门著述,大概300年以后,秦末天下大乱,道德经思想发挥决定性作用。那是后话。 

Article V (Article 5 - Mode of Amendment)

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
This is the Article that left open the can of worms.   The Framers of the Constitution knew it and made sure that at least people have to jump through hoops to reach it.  This clause contained a reference to ArticleI.9.1 
The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
and Article I.9.4.  
4: No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
For their lifetime, they hoped to shelve the pesky slavery question and kick the wormy can down to the next generation.  Some of them may have conceived the Amendment mechanism with the expectation that this issue will come back after their own lifetime, and it did.   American Constitution became harder to amend over the years and to this day, less than 30 amendments passed.    But this was the clause that made the Constitution a living document.
图难于其易,为大于其细.  夫轻诺必寡信,多易必多难.

India's Demonetization experiment, 6 months later: Part I
http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2017/05/10/527803742/episode-770-when-indias-cash-disappeared-part-one

Part II
http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2017/05/12/528181998/episode-771-when-indias-cash-disappeared-part-two

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