DDJ 65. 此愚民非彼愚民

第六十五章
[原文]

古之善为道者，非以明①民，将以愚之②。民之难治，以其智多③。故以智治国，国之贼④；不以智治国，国之福。知此两者⑤，亦稽式⑥。常知稽式，是谓玄德。玄德深矣，远矣，与物反矣⑦，然后乃至大顺⑧。

[译文]

古代善于为道的人，不是教导人民知晓智巧伪诈，而是教导人民淳厚朴实。人们之所以难于统治，乃是因为他们使用太多的智巧心机。所以用智巧心机治理国家，就必然会危害国家，不用智巧心机治理国家，才是国家的幸福。了解这两种治国方式的差别，就是一个法则，经常了解这个法则，就叫做“玄德”。玄德又深又远，和具体的事物复归到真朴，然后才能极大地顺乎于自然。

http://www.daodejing.org/65.html

道德经被关尹喜传抄以后，迅速成为列国畅销书。  黄老之道的道家，也分裂出儒，墨，法家。 道家传承“隐学”，重视学术思想自由。  分裂出的三家均为“显学”，除了墨家归隐（归道家）， 2000年来儒家法家，都是聪明人，轮番坐庄。  儒家喜欢沐猴而冠山呼万岁倒罢了；典型的儒家误国方法是利欲熏心“弱民”， 宋明最为典型。  法家则把道德经说的“愚民”这句话严重扭曲。 从道德经本身看，老子说的“愚民”完全不同于奴隶主对奴隶的愚民，商鞅变法对秦民的“愚民”。 老子自己说自己是“愚人之心”， 是坦荡自由纯真讲理的“愚人”，而不是残忍短视不讲理的“愚人”。 

如果中国更多老子这样的“愚人”。。。 2000年来没有如果，希望从今以后每个美国的华人应该了解自己有道教的选择，自然而然合适美国思想主流。  有醇美的清泉百川之源，不必喝别人吐出来的口水。 即使这个“别人“是”圣人”，而且圣人的口水可解百病，也先让聪明人去试试。 

商鞅的愚民：

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%86%E9%9E%85#.E6.84.9A.E6.B0.91.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96

　

ARTICLE VII: RATIFICATIONEssays »

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

G°. Washington Presidt. and deputy from Virginia

Delaware

• Geo: Read
• Gunning Bedford jun
• John Dickinson
• Richard Bassett
• Jaco: Broom

Maryland

• James McHenry
• Dan of St Thos. Jenifer
• Danl. Carroll

Virginia

• John Blair
• James Madison Jr.

North Carolina

• Wm. Blount
• Richd. Dobbs Spaight
• Hu Williamson

South Carolina

• J. Rutledge
• Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
• Charles Pinckney
• Pierce Butler

Georgia

• William Few
• Abr Baldwin

New Hampshire

• John Langdon
• Nicholas Gilman

Massachusetts

• Nathaniel Gorham
• rufus King

Connecticut

• Wm. Saml. Johnson
• Roger Sherman

New York

• Alexander Hamilton

New Jersey

• Wil: Livingston
• David Brearley
• Wm. Paterson
• Jona: Dayton

Pennsylvania

• B Franklin
• Thomas Mifflin
• Robt. Morris
• Geo. Clymer
• Thos. FitzSimons
• Jared Ingersoll
• James Wilson
• Gouv Morris

Attest William Jackson, Secretary

"This laconic sentence, the last and shortest of the Constitution's articles, was the key to the legal and political process that replaced the Articles of Confederation with the Constitution of the United States. In one stroke, Article VII expressed the Constitution's view of the Union and echoed the Declaration of Independence's view of the relation between positive and natural law. Seldom has so much political import been conveyed in so few words.

Behind the provision lay the delicate political problem confronting the Framers of the new Constitution: what to do about the Articles of Confederation." 

"Two days before the end of the Constitutional Convention, just before the final vote on the completed document, three delegates voiced objections to the new Constitution. Edmund Randolph of Virginia (who had introduced the Virginia Plan) thought the Constitution was not sufficiently republican, and moved that there should be another convention to address amendments to be proposed by the states. George Mason, also of Virginia, seconded the motion, arguing that without significant changes the new government would end in either monarchy or a tyrannical aristocracy. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts feared the powers of Congress were too broad; he thought the best that could be done was to provide for a second general convention. When the two questions were put to a vote, the eleven states present (Rhode Island had not sent a delegation, and New York's had left) all voted against a second convention and then all voted in favor of the final text of the Constitution. The document was then ordered engrossed, or formally written, in preparation for endorsement.

When the Convention reconvened on September 17, after the final reading of the document, Benjamin Franklin delivered an address (read by James Wilson) strongly endorsing the Constitution despite any perceived imperfections. Hoping to gain the support of critics and create a sense of common accord, Franklin then proposed, and the Convention agreed, that the Constitution be signed by the delegates as individual witnesses of "the unanimous consent of the states present."

Thus the signers subscribed their names "In witness" to what was "Done in Convention," and, with the exception of George Washington, who signed first and separately (as President and deputy from Virginia), the names are grouped by state. As a result, the document suggests the unanimity of the Declaration of Independence: delegates did not sign "on the part and behalf of" particular states, as they had in the Articles of Confederation. The states are listed (as in Article I, Section 2, and the draft of the Preamble, as well as in the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation) in geographical order, from New Hampshire in the north to Georgia in the south."

宪法的每一句话后面都是一场历时几百年的博弈。  生死于博弈，祸福于博弈，真相在博弈； ”知其妙，行其道“，Siemens 老板说的。 Want to change the world？   This is how.

The Constitution ends here because the delegates need to go home at this stage of negotiation.  But the first 10 Amendments (Bill of Rights) were actually part of the precondition for the Constitution to be ratified by States.   So they are really an integral part of the Original US Constitution.